In this regard, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the cell type commonly used in Regenerative Medicine due to their unique biological properties, including ease of expansion and culture. B-cell, B lymphocyte CXCL, C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand DC, dendritic cell G-CSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor HGF, hepatocyte growth factor IL, interleukin INFγ, interferon γ MSC, mesenchymal stem cells NK, natural killer cells T-cell, T lymphocyte TGFα, transforming growth factor α T-reg, regulatory T cell. However, the interaction between MSCs and the host may result in adverse-side effects, including thrombotic events. The paracrine properties of MSCs have beneficial effects during cell therapy for regenerative medicine. Most of them are mediated by molecules released by MSCs, but also by direct cell-cell contacts. MSCs possess a broad range of paracrine effects, including anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, trophic, antiapoptotic, and anti-fibrotic properties. Therefore, it is crucial to develop new research to identify pitfalls, to optimize procedures and to clarify the repair mechanisms used by these cells, as well as to be able to offer a next generation of stem cell that can be routinely used in a cost-effective and safe manner in stem cell-based therapies targeting CLI.Įffects of MSCs during therapeutic application. Additionally, our experience in clinical trials related to critical limb ischemia pathology (CLI) shows that the therapeutic efficacy of these cells in different animal models has only been partially reproduced in humans through clinical trials. While MSCs derived from diverse tissues share common properties depending on the type of clinical application, they markedly differ within clinical trials in terms of efficacy, resulting in many unanswered questions regarding the application of MSCs. To date, the safety and feasibility of autologous MSC-based therapy has been established however, their indiscriminate use has resulted in mixed outcomes in preclinical and clinical studies. Among adult stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the leading cell type used in advanced therapies for the treatment of autoimmune, inflammatory and vascular diseases. Outcomes obtained from clinical trials reveal the therapeutic potential of stem cell-based therapy to deal with unmet medical treatment needs for several disorders with no therapeutic options. Cell therapy is a progressively growing field that is rapidly moving from preclinical model development to clinical application.
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